College essays help: 2019

Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Toyota Case Study (Case 4). Toyota Origins, Evolution,...

The typical mass-production system established by Henry T. Ford in the early 1900Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s is based on the idea that there would be an assembly line that was to produce a limited product line in massive quantities to gain economies of scale. To do this the company needs to stretch its fixed costs that are involved in setting up a specialized machine and the way to do this produce a massive amount of that part of the equipment, store it in warehouses, and change the equipment to produce the next needed part. In doing this, the employees do the same job continuously and this increases in the likelihood possible errors because without the incentive to be efficient, employees will not be careful. Also, you have to pay managers and foremen to overseeÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦A database compiles all of the customer preferences from style, color, process, luxury features, etc. The information is compiled, sorted, analyzed, and implemented into action on an assembly floor. The implicati ons are that Toyota is going to the customer, changing the way market is done and how effective it is, and the need for precise research and development to take to customer and chart their reactions. The basis of ToyotaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s competitive advantage is efficient production at low costs, but not conceding by way of quality. Toyota has mastered the way of production on the assembly line without producing large inventory amounts. However, relationships not only with suppliers, but with the customers help establish loyalty and the need to want to give feedback. ToyotaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s success most certainly can be imitated; however, U.S. companies typically do not do business in this manner. Toyota simply imitated what leaders in the industry were doing when they entered the market, studied their competition, and collaborated to recognize implement new changes. It is all about trial and error, focus, and team-work; all qualities the Japanese businessmen are known for. Toyota will be able to establish their competitive advantage in the future simply because as their competitors continue to innovate and perform, Toyota is continuing to do well. Toyota achieved its goal of owning at least 15% of the market share and is now the leading car manufacture internationally. Toyota isShow MoreRelatedA Case Study of International Brand Management: Comparison of Lexus Brand Management in Brazil, United States and Japan.39374 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 158 PagesA CASE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL BRAND MANAGEMENT: COMPARISON OF LEXUS BRAND MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL, UNITED STATES AND JAPAN. Wakayama University Graduate School of Economics Supervisor: Sotaro Sasaki Author: Ana Cecilia FernÃƒ ¡ndez Pedrozo Student Number: 17410030 Table of Contents INTRODUCTIONÃ‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 1 I. ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDÃ‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 4 I.1. BRAND MANAGEMENTRead MoreTechnological Change, Information Processing And Supply Chain Integration9364 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 38 Pageseconomies should strongly determine the speed of competitive reaction. We use the example of automotive transmission development to study this, provide a conceptual model for the analysis and offer research propositions. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Design/methodology/approach: We build a conceptual model based on information processing theory and offer research propositions based on case study evidence of three automotive OEMs and two suppliers. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Findings: Overall, we find symptoms of two larger trends: increasing specializationRead MoreLuxrious Cars Market Analysis in Bangladesh10008 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 41 Pagesmore. An academic course of the study has a great value when it has practical application in real life situation. So, I need proper application of my knowledge to get some benefit from my theoretical knowledge that makes it more tactful, when I engage myself in such field to make proper use of my theoretical knowledge in my practical life situation. Such all applications are made possible through internship. Department of Accounting and Finance studies has given the responsibility of interdictingRead MoreManagement and Study Unit41775 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 168 PagesMANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE 2 PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PPSM026 i Ã‚ © 2011 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by the University of South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria Author: Ms Irma Fourie PPSM026/1/2011-2013 ii PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT (PPSM026) CONTENTS TOPIC 1: THE PURCHASING FUNCTION: AN OVERVIEW The purchasing function in perspective The task of purchasing and supply management Purchasing processes and procedures Study unit 1:Read MoreManagement and Study Unit41787 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 168 PagesMANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE 2 PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PPSM026 i Ã‚ © 2011 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by the University of South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria Author: Ms Irma Fourie PPSM026/1/2011-2013 ii PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT (PPSM026) CONTENTS TOPIC 1: THE PURCHASING FUNCTION: AN OVERVIEW The purchasing function in perspective The task of purchasing and supply management Purchasing processes and procedures Study unit 1: Study unitRead MoreChannels of Distribution and Logistics18744 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 75 Pagesinto the hands of customers). Before we discuss the structure of marketing channels, followed by logistics, it is useful that we look at their emergence and the functions that channels perform. THE CONSUMER WANTS CYCLE The word Ã¢â‚¬ËœchannelÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ has its origins in the word for canal, which for marketing can be interpreted as a route taken by products as they flow from production to points of intermediate and final use. Marketing is a key factor in a continuous cycle that begins and ends with consumer wantsRead MoreEssay on Porters Diamond Model29755 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 120 PagesINDUSTRY IN MEXICO AFTER TEN YEARS OF NAFTA SALVADOR BARRAGAN Master in Business Administration, IPADE Business School, 1996 BSc in Industrial Engineering, Universidad Panamericana, 1994 A Research Project Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT Faculty of Management University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA Ã‚ © Salvador BarragÃƒ ¡n, 2005 ii Abstract Read MoreTata International Strategy11355 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 46 Pagesleader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles. The company is the world s fourth largest truck manufacturer, the world s second largest bus manufacturer, and employs 50,000 workers. Tata Motors has produced and sold over 4 million vehicles in India since 1954. Established in 1945, when the company began manufacturing locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. Tata Motors is aRead MoreFour Wheeler Industry in India13140 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 53 Pagesdrawn. There is correlation between domestic consumption of cars and length of roads as well. NO. | CONTENTS | PAGE NO. | 1 | INTRODUCTION | 6 | 2 | LITERATURE REVIEW | 8-22 | | INDUSTRY BACKGROUND | 8 | | HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF AUTOMOBILES IN INDIA | 9 | | EVOLUTION OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES | 10 | | DOMESTIC SALES | 11 | | INDIAN AUTOMOTIVE CLUSTERS | 11 | | SWOT ANALYSIS | 12 | | INDIA ADVANTAGE | 14 | | MAJOR CHALLENGES | 15 | | GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKRead MoreZara Business Case15365 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 62 Pagesestimated 69% for Wal-Mart or, for that matter, other high-performing retailers.1 The next section of this case briefly describes the structure of the global apparel chain, from producers to final customers. The section that follows profiles three of InditexÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s leading international competitors in apparel retailing: The Gap (U.S.), Hennes Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy). The rest of the case focuses on Inditex, particularly the business system and international expansion of the Zara chain that

Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Toyota Case Study (Case 4). Toyota Origins, Evolution,...

Monday, December 16, 2019

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Gre Practice Essay Topics

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Gre Practice Essay Topics The Importance of Gre Practice Essay Topics The very first element of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the pieces of the argument that relate to the undertaking. GMAT writing must be achieved with care as you not only will need in order to recognize the holes in the statement you will critique you will also have to receive your thoughts down in perfect English with no errors. Along with a good structure, you'll want an argument, a strong thesis, and strong research. There are a few commonalities across each one of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the simple fact which each task asks you to examine some sort of argument and analyze it. New Step by Step Roadmap for Gre Practice Essay Topics Now, a lot of people don't know the best ways of tackling gre essay topics. Finally the studio must ask whether the proportion of positive reviews is a really appropriate approach to measure the possible effects of movie reviews. The key issue is to write using good grammar and punctuation. During the test, you're going to be asked to react in writing to two distinct types of prompts. There's nothing particularly special with respect to how you're going to be expected to compose your essays for any of the tests. The gre essay is broken up into different sections, and the most essential section appears to be the analytical writing assessment portion which is made up of two essays. As a result, if you would like to know the GRE sample essays clearly, you have to first go through these links which will provide you with a fair idea of the way to prepare for this test section, what the test section contains and what all to bear in mind when writing the essays. You will discover that you are able to use a number of them for many essays don't let the very first thing that springs to mind box you in. The essays are broken up into two. Before you even begin writing an essay, it is crucial to understand what you would like to say. A very good argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research in place of only on your ideas and feelings. Continue reading for a discussion of the various ways this essay meets the requirements for an ideal score. It is advisable to commit a couple of hours in preparation for your essay. While you might not be capable of using the on-line essay proofreader within the test it is possible to use it on all your practice essays. The conventional five-paragraph essay is not uncommon in writing argumentative essays, but it's only one means to write one. The Lost Secret of Gre Practice Essay Topics All things considered, the perfect way to get GRE writing practice is to get started writing GRE essays. Anyone who's planning to attend graduate or company school is usually required to select the GRE exam. The perfect way to get ready for the GRE essay is to write one and have it graded by a specialist, utilizing the exact guidelines that are used for the actual GRE. If writing essays isn't your forte, then you have to sit up and take stock of the quantity of preparation you are going to ne ed for getting a great score in the Analytical Writing test section of the GRE. The very first point to do before you get started searching for GRE sample essays is to comprehend what the Analytical Writing test section is about. The Analytical Writing Measure is merely a single portion of the GRE, but, together with your scores on the opposite sections of the test, helps to predict your capacity to be effective in graduate school. The perfect way to determine how to find a high Analytical Writing score is to have a look at a GRE essay sample, but doing so with no guidance can be overwhelming. Practice brainstorming a lot of different essay prompts from the ETS website to become accustomed to coming up with examples that you may use to support your viewpoint. As stated earlier, the scenario will always be shown in the exact same way. You should quote when you think that the way the original author expresses an idea is easily the most efficient approach to communicate the point you would like to make. Bear in mind, however, that the scenario you will noti ce on your exam will be a lot less familiar to you. It will always be presented in the same form. If you get ready for the united states. You won't be requested to write about a particular topic so much as you'll be requested to respond to a certain scenario.

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Cloning 4 Essay Research Paper CloningAttempts to free essay sample

Cloning 4 Essay, Research Paper Cloning Attempts to make a human being by cloning should be banned for several grounds. Although cloning has some benefits, efforts to clone a human will convey up many moral and ethical issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) studies that the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NABC ) concludes that it would be morally unacceptable for anyone in the populace or private sector # 8230 ; to try to make a kid by engrafting cloned embryos in a adult female. Cloning has many benefits, but it besides poses great hazards to the human race. This study will demo why cloning should be banned. McKinnel ( 1979 ) studies that cloning has been around for decennaries and that scientists have known how to clone in rule for at least two decennaries. Scientists have been able to clone both workss and animate beings. They can turn a whole new works from a fragment of an bing works. Cloning has been used in agribusiness to bring forth high quality unvarying merchandises. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloning 4 Essay Research Paper CloningAttempts to or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scientists have cloned toads for scientific research. Gould ( 1997 ) studies that scientists from Scotland were able to clone a sheep from an grownup cell. The sheep named Dolly is non the first mammal of all time cloned. This is merely one measure closer to cloning worlds. Plants and animate beings have been cloned for decennaries, but cloning airss great hazards to worlds. Cloning airss great hazards to the human race. Cloning may do human organic structures to halt aging. Then the universe would go full of aged immortals and few kids. That would non be good for the universe because the universe needs the benefit of thoughts from immature people. Cloning could besides do people to go supernatural. Another hazard to worlds would be the menace of pestilences. Plagues could develop as a consequence of cloning. A world-wide epidemic unbalancing the ecology may besides develop as a consequence of cloning. Seppa ( 1997 ) studies that the National Bioethics Advisory Commission has said that the technique used by the Scots scientists to clone a sheep would present great hazards to worlds. It was besides reported by Seppa ( 1997 ) that Alta Charo said before successfully cloning a lamb, the research workers failed 277 times, bring forthing many unnatural and still born animate beings. Cloning will non merely pose great hazards to the human race, but it will bes ides raise moral and ethical issues. Cloning will raise moral and ethical issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that anti-abortionists feel that life should get down at construct. Therefore they feel that cloning should be banned. If cloning does go on, there is a existent potency for developmental abnormalcies. McKinnel ( 1979 ) reported that nature is imperfect and so is the possible man-made homo produced by cloning. Cloning worlds raises moral issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that Ezekiel Emanuel said a kid Born of cloning would confront an tremendous weight of societal and parental outlooks about what and who that kid should be. Cloning raises many moral and ethical issues, but cloning does hold some benefits. Cloning has many benefits. Gould ( 1997 ) and McKinnel ( 1979 ) both reported that cloning could be used for trim parts. Gould ( 1997 ) besides reports that bureaus could utilize cloning to do money. Cloning may be used to protract life, possibly even make people live everlastingly. McKinnel ( 1979 ) studies that cloning could extinguish familial defects. If one person in a matrimony has a familial defect, the spouse without the defect could be cloned. The familial defect would be eliminated and the married twosome could hold kids and non worry about a familial defect. McKinnel ( 1979 ) besides reported that the credence of tissue grafts without rejection among members of the isogenic group is a possible benefit of cloning. Another benefit is that cloning may do it possible to continue embryo cells or even produce embryo cells from other organic structure cells. The cells could so be placed inside female parents to turn into human existences. Then these populating transcripts could be born when the first person is old or dead. Even though here are benefits from cloning, all of these benefits involve hazards. If scientists use cloning to clone trim parts, there would be hazards to the alternate female parent who would transport the ringer study Gould ( 1997 ) . Gould ( 1997 ) besides reported that bureaus might mistreat the ringers. If cloning makes people live everlastingly and the universe becomes full of immortals and aged people, so we won Ts have any im mature heads. If scientists preserve embryo cells and engraft them in alternate female parents when one person is old or dead, that so poses a hazard to the alternate female parent. Extinguishing a familial defect by cloning besides has hazards. There are hazards to the female parent s wellness. McKinnel ( 1979 ) reported that it is possible for foetal cells to interrupt lose during the gestation and happen their manner into the female parent s tissue. If the cloned cells get into her tissue they may go malignant neoplastic disease and the female parent could decease of malignant neoplastic disease related to her gestation. Even though there is some good that come out of cloning, cloning should still be banned. Attempts to make a human being by cloning should be banned. Cloning does hold some benefits, but it raises many moral and ethical issues. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission concludes that it would be morally unacceptable for anyone in the populace or private sector # 8230 ; to try to make a kid by engrafting cloned embryos in adult females studies Seppa ( 1997 ) . The rule of cloning has been known for at least two decennaries. Plants, such as apples and those in agribusiness have been cloned to bring forth unvarying and high quality merchandises. Frogs have besides been cloned for scientific research. Dolly, the cloned sheep, is non the first mammalian ringer. Dolly is the first ringer from an grownup cell. Cloning airss great hazards to worlds. The NABC concluded that the technique the Scots used to clone a sheep would be harmful to worlds. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that Alta Charo said before successfully cloning a lamb, the research workers failed 277 times, bring forthing many unnatural and still born animate beings. Those who believe cloning benefits should believe about the hazard cloning brings to the alternate female parent has in order to transport the ringer. Cloning besides brings a menace of pestilences and superhuman animals. An mistake or deliberate act could do a world-wide epidemic by unbalancing the ecology. Cloning besides raises moral and ethical issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that Ezekiel Emanuel said a kid Born of cloning would confront tremendous societal and parental outlooks about what and who that kid should be. Anti-abortionists believe that life starts at construct and that cloning should be banned. Cloning should be banned for the grounds above. There is a existent potency for developmental abnormalcies. The hazard of bring forthing unnatural worlds is unsafe to the human race and the moral and ethical issues will go on unless human cloning is banned.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Supply Chain Integration free essay sample

Management revolve around efficient integration between suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores. The challenge is on how to coordinate all the activities, in order to: * Improve performance * Reduce cost * Increase service level * Reduce Bullwhip effect * Better utilise resources * Respond effectively to changes in market places Not merely coordinating production, transportation and inventory, but also integrate front end to back end of SC. Various SC integration strategies: * Push, pull, pushÃ¢â‚¬â€œpull strategy. Matching products and industries with supply chain strategies. * Demand-driven supply chain strategies. * The impact of the Internet on supply chain integration. Push-Based SC * Production and distribution decisions based on long-term forecasts. * Manufacturer demand forecasts based on orders received from the retailerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s warehouses. , leading to: * Longer reaction time to changing marketplace * Inability to meet changing demand patterns. * Obsolescence of s upply chain inventory as demand for certain products disappears. * Variability of orders received from retailers and suppliers are much larger than the variability in customer demand due to the bullwhip effect, this leads to: * Excessive inventories due to the need for large safety stocks * Larger and more variable production batches * Unacceptable service levels * Product obsolescence * Bullwhip effect: occurs when the demand order variabilities in the supply chain are amplified as they moved up the supply chain , will leads to inefficient resource utilization because planning and managing are much more difficult. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Integration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Push Based SC usually results in: * Higher transportation costs * Higher inventory levels and/or higher manufacturing costs * More emergency production changeovers Pull- Based SC * Production and distribution demand driven * Coordinated with true customer demand rather than forecast demand * Firm does not hold any inventory and only responds to specific orders. * Enabled by fast information flow mechanism to transfer customer demand to SC participants. * Intuitively attractive, due to: * Reduced lead times through the ability to better anticipate incoming orders from the retailers. Reduced inventory since inventory levels increase with lead times * Less variability in the system, particularly in manufacturing process * Decreased inventory at the manufacturer due to the reduction in variability. * Often difficult to implement when lead times are long, because * Impractical to react to demand information. * more difficult to take advantage of economies of scale New supply chain strategy that takes the best of both, a hybrid PushÃ¢â‚¬â€œpull supply chain strategy Push-Pull SC Typically the intial stages in the SC are operated in push manner, while the remaining employ pull based strategy. * Interface between push and pull strategy called push-pull boundaries. * For example, in PC industry ,the inventory of the component is managed based ion forecast (push) while the final assembly implies is in response to a specific customer request (pull). The portion prior to assembly is a push part, while pull part starts with assembly and performed based on actual customers demand. The push-pull boundaries is at the beginning of the assembly. Manufacturer takes advantage of the fact that aggregate forecast are more accurate. * Postponement or delayed differentiation in product design is an example of this push-push strategy, where the decisions about specific product can be delayed as long as possible. Identify Appropriate Strategy * Higher demand uncertainty leads to PULL strategy; lower demand uncertainty leads to PUSH strategy * Higher importance of Economies of Scales (value of aggregate demand, imporatance of managing SC based on long term forecast) lead to PUSH strategy; the other way around for PULL strategy. Box I is Pull and Box III is push: understood. * In box IV, more careful analysis is required, depending on specific cost and uncertainties. * For box II, it is an excellent example for push-pull strategy. Implementing Push-Pull Strategy * Low demand uncertainty in PUSH Strategy characterized by long lead time and complex supply chain structure. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s also means that the firm can focus on cost minimization and resource utilization * In PULL portion, there is high uncertainty, simple SC st ructure and short cycle time. The focus is on service level, which can be achieved through flexible and responsive SC, adapt quickly to customers demand. Order fulfilment process are typically applied to maintain service level. Demand Driven Strategy * Demand forecast: Use historical data to develop long term estimate of expected demand * Demand Shaping: Determines the impact of marketing plans (promotion, advertising, discounts, rebates, etc) on demand forecast. To increase forecast efficiency and reduce forecast error, there are few approach: * Select push-pull boundaries where demand is aggregated over one or more dimensions across products, geography, or time * Use market analysis and demographic/ economic trends to improve forecast accuracy * Determine optimal assortment of products by store to reduce the number of SKU competing in same market * Incorporate collaborative planning and forecasting process with your customers to achieve better understanding of market demand, impact of promotions and ads. At the end, the firm has a demand forecast by SKU by location. The next step is to analyse the SC chain and see if it can support the demand forecast. This process called balancing supply and demand. Impact of Internet in Supply Chain Strategies * Internet and emerging e-business has raised expectations that many SC problems could be solved. E business strategy supposed to reduce cost, increase service level and flexibility, and of course profit. * In reality, these expectations frequently unmet. E business: A collection of business models and process motivated by internet technology and focusing on improving the extended enterprise performance E commerce: Ability to perform major commerce transactions electronically

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Using the Federal Rehabilitation Act 1973 versus Americans with Disabilities Act in court essays

Using the Federal Rehabilitation Act 1973 versus Americans with Disabilities Act in court essays In this instance, Lawyer Smart thinks it is unlikely that Mr. Ganizer could win a suit against the public university in question under the Americans with Disabilities Act because although the terms of the act requires employers to make reasonable accommodates to individuals with medical disabilities, the individual in question must be able to perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable accommodations. What this means is that employers are not obligated to hire an individual if he or she cannot perform the skills needed to do the main parts of the job. Furthermore, the university is a public as well as a private institution, complicating the legal ramifications of the act. But a recent amendment, called Section 508, to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires that electronic and information technology developed, procured, maintained, or used by the Federal government be accessible to people with disabilities. This is one reason, besides the fact that the university receives federal funding, that lawyer Smart may think there is hope for winning a suite against the university under the Federal Rehabilitations Act of 1973. In this particular instance, no efforts were made by the registrar to make it easier for Mr. Ganizer to perform his actions necessary for the job through the use of technology. Given the 1973 law's recent change in 1998, it is likely that Mr. Ganizer's suite under the Federal Rehabilitations Act of 1973 will enable lawyer Smart to gain restitution for his client. Firstly, Ganizer's supervisors were made aware, early on, of his disability. Although Mr. Ganizer made a good faith effort to inform his employers of his disability, they did nothing to make it easier for him to perform his job to the best of his ability using informational technology available to the registrar. ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Talking About Future Events in Spanish

Talking About Future Events in Spanish It would be natural to assume that if you want to talk in Spanish about something that will happen in the future, that you would use the future tense of the verb. However, as in English, there are other ways of telling about future events. The difference is that in Spanish, those other ways of expressing the future are so common that the future tense frequently is used for purposes other than discussing the future. Here, then, and are the three most common ways of telling about future events. Using the Present Tense As in English, and especially in colloquial use, the present tense can be used when discussing an upcoming event. Salimos maÃƒ ±ana, we leave tomorrow (or, we will leave tomorrow). Te llamo esta tarde, Im calling (or, I will call) you this afternoon. In Spanish, the time period needs to be indicated (either directly or by the context) when using the present tense to refer to the future. The present future is used most often for events that are happening in the near future and that is certain or planned. Ir A andÃ‚ Infinitive Ã‚ A very common way of expressing the future is to use the present tense of ir (to go), followed by a and the infinitive. It is the equivalent of saying going to ... in English and is used in basically the same way. Voy a comer, I am going to eat. Va a comprar la casa, he is going to buy the house. Vamos a salir, we are going to leave. This usage of ir a is so common that it is sometimes thought of by some speakers as the future tense, and in some areas, it has all but replaced the conjugated future tense for talking about the future. This way of expressing the future has the advantage that it is extremely easy to learn. Simply learn the present indicative tenses conjugation of ir, and youll have it mastered. The Conjugated Future Tense When used to talk about the future, the conjugated future tense is the equivalent in English of saying will followed by the verb. Saldremos maÃƒ ±ana, we will leave tomorrow. ComerÃƒ © la hamburguesa, I will eat the hamburger. This use of the future tense is probably more common in writing than in everyday speech.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Traffic Gridlock in New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traffic Gridlock in New York - Essay Example This letter will begin with the statement that as the traffic gridlock in New York continues to bring the city to a grinding halt every single day of the week, Mayor Bloomberg has done his best to try to solve the traffic situation. One of his traffic easement programs includes the building of more bicycle lanes in our city. There are currently 255 miles of additional bike lanes around the city. But it is little used because native New Yorkers are not aware of the bike lane program of the city. The researcher tells that he cannot help but feels saddened by the fact that New Yorkers continue to face daily gridlocks that adversely affect the local economy. The author feels even worse when he realizes that no amount of government programs will be able to help ease the situation because the government lacks the advertising and promotional skills to make sure that their bicycle programs get out the most number of New Yorkers. Although 66 percent of New Yorkers believe that the bicycle lan e is a good idea. It appears that not everyone in New York owns a bicycle. That is why the researcher was more than happy to learn about the Paris style Bike sharing network that the city is working towards implementing. Under the bike sharing network, even people who do not own a bicycle can participate by simply Ã¢â‚¬Å"rentingÃ¢â‚¬ a bicycle at specific points within the city and then parking it at a similar terminal at their point of destination. With all of New York reeling under the rising costs of gasoline, the bike sharing idea does not sound like a bad thing.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

The Theory of Leisure Class Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Theory of Leisure Class - Research Paper Example The present inquiry is not concerned with the beginning of indolence, nor with the beginning of the appropriation of useful articles to individual consumption (Hinkrl and Fotos, 2002). The point in question is the origin and nature of a conventional leisure class on the one hand and the beginnings of individual ownership as a conventional right or equitable claim on the other hand. The early differentiation out of which the distinction between leisure and a working class arises is a division maintained between men and women's work in the lower stages of barbarism (Hodgson, 2004). Likewise, the earliest form of ownership is an ownership of the women by the able-bodied men of the community. The facts may be expressed in more general terms, and truer to the import of the barbarian theory of life, by saying that it is an owner of the woman by the man. There was undoubtedly some appropriation of useful articles before the custom of appropriating women arose (Michelman, 1969). The usages of existing archaic communities in which there is no ownership of women is warranted for such a view. In all communities, the members, both male and female, habitually appropriate to their individual use a variety of useful things; but these useful things are not thought of as owned by the person who appropriates and consumes them (Mitchell, 1936). The habitual appropriation and consumption of certain slight personal effects go on without raising the question of ownership; that is to say, the question of a conventional, equitable claim to extraneous things. The ownership of women begins in the lower barbarian stages of culture, apparently with the seizure of female captives (Rosenberg, 1936). The original reason for the seizure and appropriation of women seems to have been their usefulness as trophies.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

World history Essay Example for Free

World history Essay World history, global history or transnational history (not to be confused with diplomatic or international history) is a field of historical study that emerged as a distinct academic field in the 1980s. It examines history from a global perspective. It is not to be confused with comparative history, which, like world history, deals with the history of multiple cultures and nations, but does not do so on a global scale. World History looks for common patterns that emerge across all cultures. World historians use a thematic approach, with two major focal points: integration (how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together) and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience). History (from Greek Ã¡ ¼ ±ÃÆ'Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ã ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± historia, meaning inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation It is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events. The term includes cosmic, geologic, and organic history, but is often generically implied to mean human history. Scholars who write about history are called historians. Events occurring prior to written record are considered prehistory. History can also refer to the academic discipline which uses a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them. Historians sometimes debate the nature of history and its usefulness by discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing perspective on the problems of the present.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Critique La Ventura :: Art

Critique La Ventura La Ventura is widely regarded as one of the greatest films to date. Michelangelo Antonioni didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t win the Palme DÃ¢â‚¬â„¢or, but it did get a Special Jury Prize during the Cannes film festival of 1960. No surprise he didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t win the Palme DÃ¢â‚¬â„¢or, but why give him an award in the first place? The reason for winning the title seemed unclear at first because the film had serious issues with breaking the rules of standardized filmmaking. For example having his actors enter the scene from opposite directions from where the came the shot before. However LÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Avventura is a whole other world of its own. The title translates to English as Ã¢â‚¬Å"The AdventureÃ¢â‚¬ and indeed thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s what it is. The movie is relaxing to watch thanks to the scenery, but itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s slow and a bit boring. The film is over two hours long (2:20 or so) and it takes a while to get anywhere. This is disturbing because the plot didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t seem to have as much importance as the camera angles, framing shots or dialogue. These aesthetics had more importance than in most other movies. It also had an unusual way of telling the story - done mainly by showing images to transfer the main message. Technically, itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s a photographic journey! Well, kind of. Mainly because the whole island shoot is done through wide angle lens that squeezes the nice black-and-white landscaping in the background. Also effective is how people seem to disappear in it. Another beautiful shot was on the roof of the church where the two main characters are ringing the church bells like kids playing, and then other church bells respond. That was a very nice sequence and a very nice symbol. The initial problem that the characters have to deal with however was Anna and her disappearing. In a typical film, finding Anna would have been what the story would follow. But as L'Avventura goes on, the script allows us or makes us forget about Anna. This process is done slowly, and we never stop thinking about Anna. We are struck back to Anna especially in the end when Claudia mentions her. The movie picked up pace after Anna disappeared especially with the kiss of Sandro and Claudia. There are two main characters: a man and a woman. Sandro wants sex from his girlfriends and refuses to commit himself to one, while Claudia needs love and more love.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Data Base Management

Data Base:It is the collection of data regarding an individual, group of people working together, a department in an organization or an organization.[1]Types of Data Base:Depending on the number of people, database is classified into 4 types.1.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Personal Database:Ã‚ It is for an individual or single user.2.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Workgroup Database:Ã‚ If the employees number is in between 10-15 people.3.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Department Database: It is for 15-50 employees.4.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Enterprise Database: If the no of employees is more than 50 people.Database Model:A Database Model is a visual plan for building a database. It focuses on representing the data as the user actually sees it, bridging between the concepts that make up real-world events.Raw DataThis is the process in which, raw data is collected and is converted into information which is the filtered raw data. Then, the information is described in the proper form called as the meta data which is the data description and this data is collected to form a database. So, database is the organized collection of related data.Data Definition:One very important role of a database management system is to maintain the data definitions for each table and columns in the database.Ã‚ Each piece of data must be assigned a name, a data type (e.g. date, alphanumeric, numeric) and a mandatory/optional status.[2]Architecture:There are three levels in the design architecture of the database.1.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ User design:Ã‚ It can be used by any no of users. It is operational database.2. Ã‚ Ã‚ Logical design: It is the logical structure of database. It is irrespective of the hardware or other things. It concerns only with logical structure.3.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Physical design: It concerns with the hardware requirements of the data base. It is not related to either the user or the logical structure.There are different types of DBMS products: relational, network and hierarchical etc but the most commonly used database management system by most of the commercial organization is the Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS).Data Structures: Data structures (fields, records, files and objects) optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a permanent data storage device (which implies relatively slow access compared to volatile main memory).Database Project:The database project would be developed in different stages like1.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Initiation which includes the gathering and defining the data and their types.2.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Planning of the requirement and how to generate the required outputs.3.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Design which includes two parts1.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Physical Design: Gathering the hardware requirements.2.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Logical Design:Ã‚ Designing the logical structure of database.4.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Implementation in which we provide the required data to the database.5.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Maintenan ce: It includes the proper co-ordination of the input and theÃ‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ requirement.Maintenance:The database project will be maintained using a repository server which provides all the required data and logical functions that are used in the project.Deploy:It is a process of delivery of the output obtained in the project to the client who sends the feed back depending on the report he receives.References:Encyclopedia:Data base management systems, Retrieved 12:06, 17 December 2007.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DatabaseBook:Robert V.Henry, Data Base Management System.Internet blog:1. Information Technology Toolbox, Inc. (1998-2007)2. Database Management systems.[1] Encyclopedia:Ã‚ Data base management systems, Retrieved 12:06, 17 December 2007.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database [2] Information Technology Toolbox, Inc. (1998-2007)http://database.ittoolbox.com/

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Biochip

[pic] (Life on a Chip) (PAPER UNDER THE THEME:Ã¢â‚¬ BIOCOMPUTING & INFORMATICSÃ¢â‚¬ ) ABSTRACT Ã¢â‚¬Å"A single electronic card may replace everything in your wallet including. . . . . . your cash . . . your credit cards . . . your ATM card . . . your ID cards . . . your insurance . . . and your life FUTURE One card, or one chip, with your life on it. Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ -The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually doing it. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s no more required with biochips the good old idea of remembering pesky PINs, Passwords, & Social security numbers . No more matters of carrying medical records to a hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market place; everything goes embedded in the chipÃ¢â‚¬ ¦. Every thing goes digitalized. No more hawker tricks on the internetÃ¢â‚¬ ¦.! Biochip has a variety technique for secured E-money transactions on the net. The power of biochips exists in capability of locating lost children, downed soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer patients. Our contributions to this paper lie in the aspects of Ã¢â‚¬Å"Implementation of Glucose detector in BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Implementation of Oxygen sensor in BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ 4. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Implementation of Blood pressure sensor in BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ 5. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Proposal of Solution for the typical theft problem faced by the BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ The four contributions have been discussed in detail with the proposed principles for implementation of the concepts. A simple ID chip is already walking around in tens of thousands of individuals, but all of them are pets. Companies such as AVID (Norco, Calif. ), Electronic ID, Inc. (Cleburne, TX. ), and Electronic Identification Devices, Ltd. (Santa Barbara, Calif. ) sell both the chips and the detectors. The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of rice, small enough to be injected under the skin using a hypodermic syringe needle. They respond to a signal from the detector, held just a few feet away, by transmitting out an identification number. This number is then compared to database listings of registered pets. The Biochip tagging for humans has already startedÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Rush out for your tag!!!!! INTRODUCTION:- Biochips are any microprocessor chips that can be used in Biology. The biochip technology was originally developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries, itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s use now includes, over 300 zoos, over 80 government agencies in at least 20 countries, pets (everything from lizards to dogs), electronic Ã¢â‚¬Å"brandingÃ¢â‚¬ of horses, monitoring lab animals, fisheries, endangered wildlife, automobiles, garment tracking, hazardous waste, and humans. Biochips are Ã¢â‚¬Å"silentlyÃ¢â‚¬ inching into humans. For instance, at least 6 million medical devices, such as artificial body parts (prosthetic devices), breast implants, chin implants, etc. , are implanted in people each year. And most of these medical devices are carrying a Ã¢â‚¬Å"surpriseÃ¢â‚¬ guest Ã¢â‚¬â€ a biochip. In 1993, the Food and Drug Administration passed the Safe Medical Devices Registration Act of 1993, requiring all artificial body implants to have Ã¢â‚¬Å"implantedÃ¢â‚¬ identification Ã¢â‚¬â€ the biochip. So, the yearly, 6 million recipients of prosthetic devices and breast implants are Ã¢â‚¬Å"biochippedÃ¢â‚¬ . To date, over 7 million animals have been Ã¢â‚¬Å"chippedÃ¢â‚¬ . The major biochip companies are A. V. I. D. (American Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan Identification Systems, and Destron-Fearing Corporation. THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY The current, in use, biochip implant system is actually a fairly simple device. TodayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip, inserted under the skin, for identification purposes. The biochip system is radio frequency identification (RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to communicate between the biochip and reader. THE BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS: [pic] |[pic]Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ | | |PERSPECTIVE OF | | |THE ACTUAL SIZE | THE TRANSPONDER: The transponder is the actual biochip implant. It is a passive transponder, meaning it contains no battery or energy of its own. In comparison, an active transponder would provide its own energy source, normally a small battery. Because the passive biochip contains no battery, or nothing to wear out, it has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no maintenance. Being passive, it's inactive until the reader activates it by sending it a low-power electrical charge. The reader Ã¢â‚¬Å"readsÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"scansÃ¢â‚¬ the implanted biochip and receives back data (in this case an identification number) from the biochip. The communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio waves. The biochip transponder consists of four parts: 1. computer Microchip: The microchip stores a unique identification number from 10 to 15 digits long. The storage capacity of the current microchips is limited, capable of storing only a single ID number. AVID (American Veterinary Identification Devices), claims their chips, using an nnn-nnn-nnn format, has the capability of over 70 trillion unique numbers. The unique ID number is Ã¢â‚¬Å"etchedÃ¢â‚¬ or encoded via a laser onto the surface of the microchip before assembly. Once the number is encoded it is impossible to alter. The microchip also contains the electronic circuitry necessary to transmit the ID number to the Ã¢â‚¬Å"readerÃ¢â‚¬ . 2. Antenna Coil: This is normally a simple, coil of copper wire around a ferrite or iron core. This is tiny primitive radio antenna Ã¢â‚¬Å"receives and sendsÃ¢â‚¬ signals from the reader or scanner. 3. Tuning Capacitor: The capacitor stores the small electrical charge (less than 1/1000 of a watt) sent by the reader or scanner, which activates the transponder. This Ã¢â‚¬Å"activationÃ¢â‚¬ allows the transponder to send back the ID number encoded in the computer chip. Because Ã¢â‚¬Å"radio wavesÃ¢â‚¬ are utilized to communicate between the transponder and reader, the capacitor is Ã¢â‚¬Å"tunedÃ¢â‚¬ to the same frequency as the reader. 4. Glass Capsule: The glass capsule Ã¢â‚¬Å"housesÃ¢â‚¬ the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor. It is a small capsule, the smallest measuring 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, about the size of an uncooked grain of rice. The capsule is made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass. After assembly, the capsule is hermetically (air-tight) sealed, so no bodily fluids can touch the electronics inside. Because the glass is very smooth and susceptible to movement, a material such as a polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the capsule. This sheath provides a compatible surface which the bodily tissue fibers bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the biochip. BIOCHIP AND SYRINGE | |[pic] | The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe. Injection is safe and simple, comparable to common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor recommended. In dogs and cats, the biochip is usually injected behind the neck between the shoulder blades. Trovan, Ltd. , markets an implant, featuring a patented Ã¢â‚¬Å"zip quillÃ¢â‚¬ , whi ch you simply press in, no syringe is needed. According to AVID Ã¢â‚¬Å"Once implanted, the identity tag is virtually impossible to retrieve. . The number can never be altered. Ã¢â‚¬ THE READER: The reader consists of an Ã¢â‚¬Å"exciterÃ¢â‚¬ coil which creates an electromagnetic field that, via radio signals, provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to Ã¢â‚¬Å"exciteÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"activateÃ¢â‚¬ the implanted biochip. The reader also carries a receiving coil that receives the transmitted code or ID number sent back from the Ã¢â‚¬Å"activatedÃ¢â‚¬ implanted biochip. This all takes place very fast, in milliseconds. The reader also contains the software and components to decode the received code and display the result in an LCD display. The reader can include a RS-232 port to attach a computer. WORKING OF A BIOCHIP: The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, in this case via radio signals, which Ã¢â‚¬Å"activatesÃ¢â‚¬ the implanted biochip. This Ã¢â‚¬Å"activationÃ¢â‚¬ enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals. The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format, decodes and displays the ID number on the reader's LCD display. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to communicate. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials, except metal. THE APPLICATIONS: 1. With a biochip tracing of a person/animal , anywhere in the world is possible: Once the reader is connected to the internet, satellite and a centralized database is maintained about the biochipped creatures, It is always possible to trace out the personality intended. 2. A biochip can store and update financial, medical, demographic data, basically everything about a person: An implanted biochip can be scanned to pay for groceries, obtain medical procedures, and conduct financial transactions. Currently, the in use, implanted biochips only store one 10 to 15 digits. If biochips are designed to accommodate with more ROM & RAM there is definitely an opportunity. A biochip leads to a secured E-Commerce systems : ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s a fact; the world is very quickly going to a digital or E-economy, through the Internet. It is expected that by 2008, 60% of the Business transactions will be performed through the Internet. The E-money future, however, isn't necessarily secure. The Internet wasn't built to be Fort Knox. In the wrong hands, this powerful tool can turn dangerous. Hackers have already broken into bank files that were 100% secure. A biochip is the possible solution to the Ã¢â‚¬Å"identification and securityÃ¢â‚¬ dilemma faced by the digital economy. This type of new bio-security device is capable of accurately tracking information regarding what users are doing, and who are to accurately track information regarding what users are doing, and who is actually doing it. Biochips really are potent in replacing passports, cash, medical records: The really powered biochip systems can replace cash, passports, medical & other records! ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s no more required to carry wallet full cash, credit/ATM cards, passports & medical records to the market place. Payment system, authentication procedures may all be done by the means Biochips. 4. Medicinal implementations of Biochips : A New Era Proposed by us 1. Biochip as Glucose Detector : The Biochip can be integrated with a glucose detector. The chip will allow diabetics to easily monitor the level of the sugar glucose in their blood. Diabetics currently use a skin prick and a hand-held blood test, and then medicate themselves with insulin depending on the result. The system is simple and works well, but the need to draw blood means that most diabetics don't test themselves as often as they should. Although they may get away with this in the short term, in later life those who monitored infrequently suffer from blindness, loss of circulation, and other complications. The solution is more frequent testing, using a less invasive method. The biochip will sit underneath the skin, sense the glucose level, and send the result back out by radio-frequency communication. Proposed principle of Glucose detection: A light-emitting diode (LED) in the biochip starts off the detection process. The light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical: one that absorbs incoming light and re-emits it at a longer wavelength. The longer wavelength of light is then detected, and the result is sent to a control panel outside the body. Glucose is detected because the sugar reduces the amount of light that the fluorescent chemical re-emits. The more glucose there is the less light that is detected. Biochip as Oxygen sensor: The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen sensor . The oxygen sensor will be useful not only to monitor breathing in intensive care units, but also to check that packages of food, or containers of semiconductors stored under nitrogen gas, remain airtight. Proposed principal of Oxygen sensor in Biochip: The oxygen-sensing chip sends light pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed to varying extents, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood, and the chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped by the heart are also detected, so the same chip is a pulse monitor. 2. Biochip as an Blood Pressure sensor: In normal situations, The Blood Pressure of a healthy Human being is 120/80 mm of Hg. A Pressure ratio lower than this is said to be Ã¢â‚¬Å"Low BP Ã¢â‚¬Å" condition & A Pressure ratio more than this is Ã¢â‚¬Å"High BPÃ¢â‚¬ condition. Serious Effects will be reflected in humans during Low & High BP conditions; it may sometimes cause the death of a Person. Blood Pressure is checked with BP Apparatus in Hospitals and this is done only when the patient is abnormal. However, a continuous monitoring of BP is required in the aged people & Patients. A huge variety of hardware circuitry (sensors) is available in electronics to detect the flow of fluid. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s always possible to embed this type of sensors into a biochip. An integration of Pressure (Blood Flow) detecting circuits with the Biochip can make the chip to continuously monitor the blood flow rate & when the pressure is in its low or high extremes it can be immediately informed through the reader hence to take up remedial measures. Typical Problem of Biochips: A Solution Proposed Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The Lock: Problem before the world A chip implant would contain a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s financial world, medical history, health care Ã¢â‚¬â€ it would contain his electronic lifeÃ¢â‚¬ . If cash no longer existed and if the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s economy was totally chip oriented; Ã¢â‚¬â€ there would be a huge Ã¢â‚¬Å"black-marketÃ¢â‚¬ for chips! Since there is no cash and no other bartering system, criminals would cut off hands and heads, stealing Ã¢â‚¬Å"rich-folksÃ¢â‚¬ chips. Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is very dangerous because once kidnappers get to know about these chips, they will skin people to find them,Ã¢â‚¬ (New York Times, June 20, 1999) The typical solutions wonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t work well are already proposed by different people: The Biochip must retain data only if it is placed in a fluid medium like blood & not in any other medium. This technique is unsuitable for identification of dead bodies (murdered by the kidnappers) as it loses the data about the social security number. 3. The data in the Biochip must be erased if it is exposed to sunlight/air. This technique is unsuitable as transplantation of biochip from genuine to the fraud in darkness (by means of infrared light) or in the vacuum (by means of oxygen cylinders). And many suchÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.!!!!!!!! Our key: The solution Proposed by me: A generic & existing model of Biochips consists of only ROM component in it and is capable of accommodating the data such as social security number, Passport number, bankcard number etc. , which are normally permanent in nature. The induction of RAM component in addition to ROM & storing the Bankcard, Financial details which causes the problem is a mere solution. As RAM needs to be continuously charged inorder to retain the data, Current can be supplied to the chip either from the electrical energy produced in the cells or by converting the heat energy in our body to electrical energy. Once if the chip is taken out from the human body RAM immediately loses the Power supply from the human body; thus information in the RAM is lost and therefore is useless for the kidnappers. However this technique will not affect the data in ROM i. e. Social security number that can be used to detect the address of the dead bodies that were unidentified. CONCLUSION The Cyber Future InfoTech will be implanted in our bodies. A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might serve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver's license, personal diary. No longer would it be needed to worry about losing the credit cards while traveling. A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us extra mental power. The really fascinating idea is under fast track research Ã¢â‚¬Å"but we're close. Ã¢â‚¬ The day in which we have chips embedded in our skins is not too far from now. Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is science fiction stuff. Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ This is a true example to prove science really starts s with fictionÃ¢â‚¬ . BIBLOGRAPHY:- www. mrgco. com www. anl. gov www. freepatentsonline. com Biochip [pic] (Life on a Chip) (PAPER UNDER THE THEME:Ã¢â‚¬ BIOCOMPUTING & INFORMATICSÃ¢â‚¬ ) ABSTRACT Ã¢â‚¬Å"A single electronic card may replace everything in your wallet including. . . . . . your cash . . . your credit cards . . . your ATM card . . . your ID cards . . . your insurance . . . and your life FUTURE One card, or one chip, with your life on it. Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ -The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually doing it. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s no more required with biochips the good old idea of remembering pesky PINs, Passwords, & Social security numbers . No more matters of carrying medical records to a hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market place; everything goes embedded in the chipÃ¢â‚¬ ¦. Every thing goes digitalized. No more hawker tricks on the internetÃ¢â‚¬ ¦.! Biochip has a variety technique for secured E-money transactions on the net. The power of biochips exists in capability of locating lost children, downed soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer patients. Our contributions to this paper lie in the aspects of Ã¢â‚¬Å"Implementation of Glucose detector in BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Implementation of Oxygen sensor in BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ 4. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Implementation of Blood pressure sensor in BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ 5. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Proposal of Solution for the typical theft problem faced by the BiochipsÃ¢â‚¬ The four contributions have been discussed in detail with the proposed principles for implementation of the concepts. A simple ID chip is already walking around in tens of thousands of individuals, but all of them are pets. Companies such as AVID (Norco, Calif. ), Electronic ID, Inc. (Cleburne, TX. ), and Electronic Identification Devices, Ltd. (Santa Barbara, Calif. ) sell both the chips and the detectors. The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of rice, small enough to be injected under the skin using a hypodermic syringe needle. They respond to a signal from the detector, held just a few feet away, by transmitting out an identification number. This number is then compared to database listings of registered pets. The Biochip tagging for humans has already startedÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Rush out for your tag!!!!! INTRODUCTION:- Biochips are any microprocessor chips that can be used in Biology. The biochip technology was originally developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries, itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s use now includes, over 300 zoos, over 80 government agencies in at least 20 countries, pets (everything from lizards to dogs), electronic Ã¢â‚¬Å"brandingÃ¢â‚¬ of horses, monitoring lab animals, fisheries, endangered wildlife, automobiles, garment tracking, hazardous waste, and humans. Biochips are Ã¢â‚¬Å"silentlyÃ¢â‚¬ inching into humans. For instance, at least 6 million medical devices, such as artificial body parts (prosthetic devices), breast implants, chin implants, etc. , are implanted in people each year. And most of these medical devices are carrying a Ã¢â‚¬Å"surpriseÃ¢â‚¬ guest Ã¢â‚¬â€ a biochip. In 1993, the Food and Drug Administration passed the Safe Medical Devices Registration Act of 1993, requiring all artificial body implants to have Ã¢â‚¬Å"implantedÃ¢â‚¬ identification Ã¢â‚¬â€ the biochip. So, the yearly, 6 million recipients of prosthetic devices and breast implants are Ã¢â‚¬Å"biochippedÃ¢â‚¬ . To date, over 7 million animals have been Ã¢â‚¬Å"chippedÃ¢â‚¬ . The major biochip companies are A. V. I. D. (American Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan Identification Systems, and Destron-Fearing Corporation. THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY The current, in use, biochip implant system is actually a fairly simple device. TodayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip, inserted under the skin, for identification purposes. The biochip system is radio frequency identification (RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to communicate between the biochip and reader. THE BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS: [pic] |[pic]Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ | | |PERSPECTIVE OF | | |THE ACTUAL SIZE | THE TRANSPONDER: The transponder is the actual biochip implant. It is a passive transponder, meaning it contains no battery or energy of its own. In comparison, an active transponder would provide its own energy source, normally a small battery. Because the passive biochip contains no battery, or nothing to wear out, it has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no maintenance. Being passive, it's inactive until the reader activates it by sending it a low-power electrical charge. The reader Ã¢â‚¬Å"readsÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"scansÃ¢â‚¬ the implanted biochip and receives back data (in this case an identification number) from the biochip. The communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio waves. The biochip transponder consists of four parts: 1. computer Microchip: The microchip stores a unique identification number from 10 to 15 digits long. The storage capacity of the current microchips is limited, capable of storing only a single ID number. AVID (American Veterinary Identification Devices), claims their chips, using an nnn-nnn-nnn format, has the capability of over 70 trillion unique numbers. The unique ID number is Ã¢â‚¬Å"etchedÃ¢â‚¬ or encoded via a laser onto the surface of the microchip before assembly. Once the number is encoded it is impossible to alter. The microchip also contains the electronic circuitry necessary to transmit the ID number to the Ã¢â‚¬Å"readerÃ¢â‚¬ . 2. Antenna Coil: This is normally a simple, coil of copper wire around a ferrite or iron core. This is tiny primitive radio antenna Ã¢â‚¬Å"receives and sendsÃ¢â‚¬ signals from the reader or scanner. 3. Tuning Capacitor: The capacitor stores the small electrical charge (less than 1/1000 of a watt) sent by the reader or scanner, which activates the transponder. This Ã¢â‚¬Å"activationÃ¢â‚¬ allows the transponder to send back the ID number encoded in the computer chip. Because Ã¢â‚¬Å"radio wavesÃ¢â‚¬ are utilized to communicate between the transponder and reader, the capacitor is Ã¢â‚¬Å"tunedÃ¢â‚¬ to the same frequency as the reader. 4. Glass Capsule: The glass capsule Ã¢â‚¬Å"housesÃ¢â‚¬ the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor. It is a small capsule, the smallest measuring 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, about the size of an uncooked grain of rice. The capsule is made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass. After assembly, the capsule is hermetically (air-tight) sealed, so no bodily fluids can touch the electronics inside. Because the glass is very smooth and susceptible to movement, a material such as a polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the capsule. This sheath provides a compatible surface which the bodily tissue fibers bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the biochip. BIOCHIP AND SYRINGE | |[pic] | The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe. Injection is safe and simple, comparable to common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor recommended. In dogs and cats, the biochip is usually injected behind the neck between the shoulder blades. Trovan, Ltd. , markets an implant, featuring a patented Ã¢â‚¬Å"zip quillÃ¢â‚¬ , whi ch you simply press in, no syringe is needed. According to AVID Ã¢â‚¬Å"Once implanted, the identity tag is virtually impossible to retrieve. . The number can never be altered. Ã¢â‚¬ THE READER: The reader consists of an Ã¢â‚¬Å"exciterÃ¢â‚¬ coil which creates an electromagnetic field that, via radio signals, provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to Ã¢â‚¬Å"exciteÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"activateÃ¢â‚¬ the implanted biochip. The reader also carries a receiving coil that receives the transmitted code or ID number sent back from the Ã¢â‚¬Å"activatedÃ¢â‚¬ implanted biochip. This all takes place very fast, in milliseconds. The reader also contains the software and components to decode the received code and display the result in an LCD display. The reader can include a RS-232 port to attach a computer. WORKING OF A BIOCHIP: The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, in this case via radio signals, which Ã¢â‚¬Å"activatesÃ¢â‚¬ the implanted biochip. This Ã¢â‚¬Å"activationÃ¢â‚¬ enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals. The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format, decodes and displays the ID number on the reader's LCD display. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to communicate. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials, except metal. THE APPLICATIONS: 1. With a biochip tracing of a person/animal , anywhere in the world is possible: Once the reader is connected to the internet, satellite and a centralized database is maintained about the biochipped creatures, It is always possible to trace out the personality intended. 2. A biochip can store and update financial, medical, demographic data, basically everything about a person: An implanted biochip can be scanned to pay for groceries, obtain medical procedures, and conduct financial transactions. Currently, the in use, implanted biochips only store one 10 to 15 digits. If biochips are designed to accommodate with more ROM & RAM there is definitely an opportunity. A biochip leads to a secured E-Commerce systems : ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s a fact; the world is very quickly going to a digital or E-economy, through the Internet. It is expected that by 2008, 60% of the Business transactions will be performed through the Internet. The E-money future, however, isn't necessarily secure. The Internet wasn't built to be Fort Knox. In the wrong hands, this powerful tool can turn dangerous. Hackers have already broken into bank files that were 100% secure. A biochip is the possible solution to the Ã¢â‚¬Å"identification and securityÃ¢â‚¬ dilemma faced by the digital economy. This type of new bio-security device is capable of accurately tracking information regarding what users are doing, and who are to accurately track information regarding what users are doing, and who is actually doing it. Biochips really are potent in replacing passports, cash, medical records: The really powered biochip systems can replace cash, passports, medical & other records! ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s no more required to carry wallet full cash, credit/ATM cards, passports & medical records to the market place. Payment system, authentication procedures may all be done by the means Biochips. 4. Medicinal implementations of Biochips : A New Era Proposed by us 1. Biochip as Glucose Detector : The Biochip can be integrated with a glucose detector. The chip will allow diabetics to easily monitor the level of the sugar glucose in their blood. Diabetics currently use a skin prick and a hand-held blood test, and then medicate themselves with insulin depending on the result. The system is simple and works well, but the need to draw blood means that most diabetics don't test themselves as often as they should. Although they may get away with this in the short term, in later life those who monitored infrequently suffer from blindness, loss of circulation, and other complications. The solution is more frequent testing, using a less invasive method. The biochip will sit underneath the skin, sense the glucose level, and send the result back out by radio-frequency communication. Proposed principle of Glucose detection: A light-emitting diode (LED) in the biochip starts off the detection process. The light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical: one that absorbs incoming light and re-emits it at a longer wavelength. The longer wavelength of light is then detected, and the result is sent to a control panel outside the body. Glucose is detected because the sugar reduces the amount of light that the fluorescent chemical re-emits. The more glucose there is the less light that is detected. Biochip as Oxygen sensor: The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen sensor . The oxygen sensor will be useful not only to monitor breathing in intensive care units, but also to check that packages of food, or containers of semiconductors stored under nitrogen gas, remain airtight. Proposed principal of Oxygen sensor in Biochip: The oxygen-sensing chip sends light pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed to varying extents, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood, and the chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped by the heart are also detected, so the same chip is a pulse monitor. 2. Biochip as an Blood Pressure sensor: In normal situations, The Blood Pressure of a healthy Human being is 120/80 mm of Hg. A Pressure ratio lower than this is said to be Ã¢â‚¬Å"Low BP Ã¢â‚¬Å" condition & A Pressure ratio more than this is Ã¢â‚¬Å"High BPÃ¢â‚¬ condition. Serious Effects will be reflected in humans during Low & High BP conditions; it may sometimes cause the death of a Person. Blood Pressure is checked with BP Apparatus in Hospitals and this is done only when the patient is abnormal. However, a continuous monitoring of BP is required in the aged people & Patients. A huge variety of hardware circuitry (sensors) is available in electronics to detect the flow of fluid. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s always possible to embed this type of sensors into a biochip. An integration of Pressure (Blood Flow) detecting circuits with the Biochip can make the chip to continuously monitor the blood flow rate & when the pressure is in its low or high extremes it can be immediately informed through the reader hence to take up remedial measures. Typical Problem of Biochips: A Solution Proposed Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The Lock: Problem before the world A chip implant would contain a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s financial world, medical history, health care Ã¢â‚¬â€ it would contain his electronic lifeÃ¢â‚¬ . If cash no longer existed and if the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s economy was totally chip oriented; Ã¢â‚¬â€ there would be a huge Ã¢â‚¬Å"black-marketÃ¢â‚¬ for chips! Since there is no cash and no other bartering system, criminals would cut off hands and heads, stealing Ã¢â‚¬Å"rich-folksÃ¢â‚¬ chips. Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is very dangerous because once kidnappers get to know about these chips, they will skin people to find them,Ã¢â‚¬ (New York Times, June 20, 1999) The typical solutions wonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t work well are already proposed by different people: The Biochip must retain data only if it is placed in a fluid medium like blood & not in any other medium. This technique is unsuitable for identification of dead bodies (murdered by the kidnappers) as it loses the data about the social security number. 3. The data in the Biochip must be erased if it is exposed to sunlight/air. This technique is unsuitable as transplantation of biochip from genuine to the fraud in darkness (by means of infrared light) or in the vacuum (by means of oxygen cylinders). And many suchÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.!!!!!!!! Our key: The solution Proposed by me: A generic & existing model of Biochips consists of only ROM component in it and is capable of accommodating the data such as social security number, Passport number, bankcard number etc. , which are normally permanent in nature. The induction of RAM component in addition to ROM & storing the Bankcard, Financial details which causes the problem is a mere solution. As RAM needs to be continuously charged inorder to retain the data, Current can be supplied to the chip either from the electrical energy produced in the cells or by converting the heat energy in our body to electrical energy. Once if the chip is taken out from the human body RAM immediately loses the Power supply from the human body; thus information in the RAM is lost and therefore is useless for the kidnappers. However this technique will not affect the data in ROM i. e. Social security number that can be used to detect the address of the dead bodies that were unidentified. CONCLUSION The Cyber Future InfoTech will be implanted in our bodies. A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might serve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver's license, personal diary. No longer would it be needed to worry about losing the credit cards while traveling. A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us extra mental power. The really fascinating idea is under fast track research Ã¢â‚¬Å"but we're close. Ã¢â‚¬ The day in which we have chips embedded in our skins is not too far from now. Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is science fiction stuff. Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ This is a true example to prove science really starts s with fictionÃ¢â‚¬ . BIBLOGRAPHY:- www. mrgco. com www. anl. gov www. freepatentsonline. com

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Financial Panics of the 19th Century

Financial Panics of the 19th Century The Great Depression of the 1930s was called great for a reason. It followed a long series of depressions which afflicted the American economy throughout the 19th century. Crop failures, drops in cotton prices, reckless railroad speculation, and sudden plunges in the stock market all came together at various times to send the growing American economy into chaos. The effects were often brutal, with millions of Americans losing jobs, farmers being forced off their land, and railroads, banks, and other businesses going under for good. Here are the basic facts on the major financial panics of the 19th century. Panic of 1819 The first major American depression, the Panic of 1819 was rooted to some extent in economic problems reaching back to the war of 1812.It was triggered by a collapse in cotton prices. A contraction in credit coincided with the problems in the cotton market, and the young American economy was severely affected.Banks were forced to call in loans, and foreclosures of farms and bank failures resulted.The Panic of 1819 lasted until 1821.The effects were felt most in the west and south. Bitterness about the economic hardships resonated for years and led to the resentment that helped Andrew Jackson solidify his political base throughout the 1820s.Besides exacerbating sectional animosity, the Panic of 1819 also made many Americans realize the importance of politics and government policy in their lives. Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 was triggered by a combination of factors including the failure of a wheat crop, a collapse in cotton prices, economic problems in Britain, rapid speculation in land, and problems resulting from the variety of currency in circulation.It was the second-longest American depression, with effects lasting roughly six years, until 1843.The panic had a devastating impact. A number of brokerage firms in New York failed, and at least one New York City bank president committed suicide. As the effect rippled across the nation, a number of state-chartered banks also failed. The nascent labor union movement was effectively stopped, as the price of labor plummeted.The depression caused the collapse of real estate prices. The price of food also collapsed, which was ruinous to farmers and planters who couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t get a decent price for their crops. People who lived through the depression following 1837 told stories that would be echoed a century later during The Great Depressio n.The aftermath of the panic of 1837 led to Martin Van BurenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s failure to secure a second term in the election of 1840. Many blamed the economic hardships on the policies of Andrew Jackson, and Van Buren, who had been JacksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s vice president, paid the political price. Panic of 1857 The Panic of 1857 was triggered by the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, which actually did much of its business as a bank headquartered in New York City. Reckless speculation in railroads led the company into trouble, and the companyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s collapse led to a literal panic in the financial district, as crowds of frantic investors clogged the streets around Wall Street.Stock prices plummeted, and more than 900 mercantile firms in New York had to cease operation. By the end of the year the American economy was a shambles.One victim of the Panic of 1857 was a future Civil War hero and US president, Ulysses S. Grant, who was bankrupted and had to pawn his gold watch to buy Christmas presents.Recovery from the depression began in early 1859. Panic of 1873 The investment firm of Jay Cooke and Company went bankrupt in September 1873 as a result of rampant speculation in railroads. The stock market dropped sharply and caused numerous businesses to fail.The depression caused approximately three million Americans to lose their jobs.The collapse in food prices impacted Americas farm economy, causing great poverty in rural America.The depression lasted for five years, until 1878.The Panic of 1873 led to a populist movement that saw the creation of the Greenback Party. The industrialist Peter Cooper ran for president on the Greenback Party ticket in 1876, but was unsuccessful. Panic of 1893 The depression set off by the Panic of 1893 was the greatest depression America had known, and was only surpassed by the Great Depression of the 1930s.In early May 1893 the New York stock market dropped sharply, and in late June panic selling caused the stock market to crash.A severe credit crisis resulted, and more than 16,000 businesses had failed by the end of 1893. Included in the failed businesses were 156 railroads and nearly 500 banks.Unemployment spread until one in six American men lost their jobs.The depression inspired Coxeys Army, a march on Washington of unemployed men. The protesters demanded that the government provide public works jobs. Their leader, Jacob Coxey, was imprisoned for 20 days.The depression caused by the Panic of 1893 lasted for about four years, ending in 1897. Legacy of 19th Century Financial Panics The economic problems of the 19th century periodically caused pain and misery and it often seemed that the federal and state governments were powerless to do anything. The rise of the progressive movement was, in many ways, a reaction to earlier financial panics. In the first decades of the 20th century financial reforms made economic collapses less likely, yet the Great Depression showed that the problems could not be easily avoided.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Peoples Republic of China Facts and History

Peoples Republic of China Facts and History The history of China reaches back over 4,000 years. In that time, China has created a culture rich in philosophy and the arts. China has seen the invention of amazing technologies such as silk, paper, gunpowder, and many other products. Over the millennia, China has fought hundreds of wars. It has conquered its neighbors, and been conquered by them in turn. Early Chinese explorers such as Admiral Zheng He sailed all the way to Africa; today, Chinas space program continues this tradition of exploration. This snapshot of the Peoples Republic of China today includes a necessarily brief scan of Chinas ancient heritage. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Beijing, population 11 million. Major Cities: Shanghai, population 15 million. Shenzhen, population 12 million. Guangzhou, population 7 million. Hong Kong, population 7 million. Dongguan, population 6.5 million. Tianjin, population 5 million. Government The Peoples Republic of China is a socialist republic ruled by a single party, the Communist Party of China. Power in the Peoples Republic is divided between the National Peoples Congress (NPC), the President, and the State Council. The NPC is the single legislative body, whose members are selected by the Communist Party. The State Council, headed by the Premier, is the administrative branch. The Peoples Liberation Army also wields considerable political power. The current President of China and General Secretary of the Communist Party is Xi Jinping. The Premier is Li Keqiang. Official Language The official language of the PRC is Mandarin, a tonal language in the Sino-Tibetan family. Within China, however, only about 53 percent of the population can communicate in Standard Mandarin. Other important languages in China include Wu, with 77 million speakers; Min, with 60 million; Cantonese, 56 million speakers; Jin, 45 million speakers; Xiang, 36 million; Hakka, 34 million; Gan, 29 million; Uighur, 7.4 million; Tibetan, 5.3 million; Hui, 3.2 million; and Ping, with 2 million speakers. Dozens of minority languages also exist in the PRC, including Kazakh, Miao, Sui, Korean, Lisu, Mongolian, Qiang, and Yi. Population China has the largest population of any country on Earth, with more than 1.35 billion people. The government has long been concerned about population growthÃ‚ and introduced the One-Child Policy in 1979. Under this policy, families were limited to just one child. Couples who got pregnant for a second time faced forced abortions or sterilization. This policy was loosened in December of 2013 to allow couples to have two children if one or both of the parents were only children themselves. There are exceptions to the policy for ethnic minorities, as well. Rural Han Chinese families also have always been able to have a second child if the first is a girl or has disabilities. Religion Under the communist system, religion has been officially discouraged in China. Actual suppression has varied from one religion to another, and from year to year. Many Chinese are nominally Buddhist and/or TaoistÃ‚ but dont practice regularly. People who self-identify as Buddhist total about 50 percent, overlapping with the 30 percent who are Taoist. Fourteen percent are atheists, four percent Christians, 1.5 percent Muslims, and tiny percentages are Hindu, Bon, or Falun Gong adherents. Most Chinese Buddhists follow Mahayana or Pure Land Buddhism, with smaller populations of Theravada and Tibetan Buddhists. Geography Chinas area is 9.5 to 9.8 million square kilometers; the discrepancy is due to border disputes with India. In either case, its size is second only to Russia in AsiaÃ‚ and is either third or fourth in the world. China borders 14 countries: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, India, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam. From the worlds tallest mountain to the coast, and the Taklamakan desert to the jungles of Guilin, China includes diverse landforms. The highest point is Mt. Everest (Chomolungma) at 8,850 meters. The lowest is Turpan Pendi, at -154 meters. Climate As a result of its large area and various landforms, China includes climate zones from subarctic to tropical. Chinas northern province of Heilongjiang has average winter temperatures below freezing, with record lows of -30 degrees Celsius. Xinjiang, in the west, can reach nearly 50 degrees. Southern Hainan Island has a tropical monsoon climate. Average temperatures there range only from about 16 degrees Celsius in January to 29 in August. Hainan receives about 200 centimeters (79 inches) of rain annually. The western Taklamakan Desert receives only about 10 centimeters (4 inches) of rain and snow per year. Economy Over the past 25 years, China has had the fastest-growing major economy in the world, with annual growth of more than 10 percent. Nominally a socialist republic, since the 1970s the PRC has remade its economy into a capitalist powerhouse. Industry and agriculture are the largest sectors, producing more than 60 percent of Chinas GDP, and employing over 70 percent of the workforce. China exports $1.2 billion U.S. in consumer electronics, office machinery, and apparel, as well as some agricultural produce each year. The per capita GDP is $2,000. The official poverty rate is 10 percent. Chinas currency is the yuan renminbi. As of March 2014, $1 US 6.126 CNY. History of China Chinese historical records reach back into the realm of legend, 5,000 years ago. It is impossible to cover even the major events of this ancient culture in a short space, but here are some highlights. The first non-mythical dynasty to rule China was the Xia (2200- 1700 BCE), founded by Emperor Yu. It was succeeded by the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE), and then the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE). Historical records are scanty for these ancient dynastic times. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huangdi assumed the throne, conquering neighboring city-states, and unifying China. He founded the Qin Dynasty, which lasted only until 206 BCE. Today, he is best-known for his tomb complex in Xian (formerly Changan), which houses the incredible army of terracotta warriors. Qin Shi Huangs inept heir was overthrown by the army of commoner Liu Bang in 207 BCE. Liu then founded the Han Dynasty, which lasted until 220 CE. In the Han era, China expanded west as far as India, opening trade along what would later become the Silk Road. When the Han Empire collapsed in 220 CE, China was thrown into a period of anarchy and turmoil. For the next four centuries, dozens of kingdoms and fiefdoms competed for power. This era is called the Three Kingdoms, after the three most powerful of the rival realms (Wei, Shu, and Wu), but that is a gross simplification. By 589 CE, the Western branch of the Wei kings had accumulated enough wealth and power to defeat their rivalsÃ‚ and unite China once more. The Sui Dynasty was founded by Wei general Yang JianÃ‚ and ruled until 618 CE. It built the legal, governmental, and societal framework for the powerful Tang Empire to follow. The Tang Dynasty was founded by a general called Li Yuan, who had the Sui emperor assassinated in 618. The Tang ruled from 618 to 907 CE, and Chinese art and culture flourished. At the end of the Tang, China descended into chaos again in the 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms period. In 959, a palace guard named Zhao Kuangyin took power and defeated the other small kingdoms. He established the Song Dynasty (960-1279), known for its intricate bureaucracy and Confucian learning. In 1271, the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis) established the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The Mongols subjugated other ethnic groups including the Han ChineseÃ‚ and eventually were overthrown by the ethnic-Han Ming. China flowered again under the Ming (1368-1644), creating great art and exploring as far as Africa. The final Chinese dynasty, the Qing, ruled from 1644 to 1911, whenÃ‚ theÃ‚ Last EmperorÃ‚ was overthrown.Ã‚ Power struggles between warlords such as Sun Yat-Sen touched off the Chinese Civil War. Although the war was interrupted for a decade by the Japanese invasion and World War II, it picked up again once Japan was defeated. Mao Zedong and the Communist Peoples Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, and China became the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. Chiang Kai Shek, leader of the losing Nationalist forces, fled to Taiwan.